Biological Diversity
From the tiniest microorganisms to the majestic animals, and from the most delicate flowers to the ancient trees, biodiversity weaves together the intricate web of existence. It is this diversity that sustains our planet’s ecosystems, provides essential ecosystem services, and supports human well-being in countless ways. Global biodiversity is a treasure trove of opportunities and possibilities, holding the keys to solutions for many of the challenges humanity faces today. It offers potential advancements in medicine, agriculture, and technology, as well as spiritual and cultural enrichment.
One of the cornerstones of biodiversity is species richness which is the sheer number of different species present in a given area. Across the world, tropical rainforests, for instance, are renowned for their extraordinary species richness, harbouring a vast array of plant and animal life. The Amazon Rainforest alone is estimated to host around 390 billion individual trees, representing roughly 16,000 different species. Similarly, coral reefs, the bustling underwater metropolises, are hotspots of marine biodiversity, supporting around a quarter of all marine species.
Yet nature is in crisis. One million of the world’s estimated 8 million species of plants and animals are threatened with extinction. Meanwhile, ecosystem degradation is affecting the well-being of 40% of the global population. Habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, and the introduction of invasive species are among the primary drivers pushing many species towards extinction.
Changes in biodiversity can strain social relationships and cultural norms within communities. Competition over dwindling resources can lead to conflicts and it also poses challenges to traditional ways of sharing and managing communal assets. In conclusion, the shifting landscape of biodiversity has far-reaching implications for local communities that are closely intertwined with their ecosystems. These changes reverberate through livelihoods, food security, health, economy, and cultural integrity. Recognising and addressing the impacts of biodiversity changes on these communities is not only a matter of environmental concern but also a pressing human and social challenge that requires comprehensive and inclusive solutions.
While encompassing only 2.4% of the world’s land area, India contributes about 8% to global biodiversity. The oceans surrounding India provide sustenance to over three billion individuals worldwide.
India, a Biodiversity Hotspot
So far large mammals are concerned, the nation proudly holds the distinction of being the largest tiger range country and home to nearly 30,000 elephants, making it the most significant Asiatic elephant range country globally. With a rhino population of nearly 3,000, India stands as the world’s foremost single-horn rhino haven. Furthermore, the country stands singular as the exclusive habitat of Asiatic lions, a population that has swelled from around 525 in 2015 to approximately 675 in 2020. Notably, the leopard population has surged by over 60% in just four years, exemplifying India’s commitment to wildlife preservation.
The thriving wildlife within India is deeply intertwined with flourishing ecosystems. India stands as a shining example of dedicated biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration on the global stage. From the majestic tigers and thriving elephant populations to the remarkable resurgence of leopards and the success of rhino preservation, India’s efforts are shining example of conservation.
However, these achievements are not limited to individual species. They are indicative of a larger ethos that encompasses the preservation and restoration of entire ecosystems. India’s diligent addition of Ramsar wetlands, the expansion of forest and tree cover, and the expansion of protected areas network, all speak volumes about the nation’s dedication to safeguarding its natural resources. The past decade has witnessed remarkable growth, with Community Reserves soaring from 43 to exceeding 100 in number. Similarly, the count of National Parks and sanctuaries surrounded by Eco-sensitive Zones has catapulted to an impressive 468.
“Preventing and reversing the degradation of land and oceans can prevent the loss of one million endangered species.”
The nation’s remarkable achievements in wildlife conservation, habitat expansion, and protection not only underscore the importance of preserving biodiversity but also serve as a beacon of inspiration for global conservation efforts.
Multifaceted approach to Environmental Protection
While the global average for carbon emissions hovers around 4 tonnes per person, India’s per capita carbon footprint remains remarkably lower, at approximately half a ton per person. Initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Mission, Waste to Wealth schemes, modern sewage treatment plant construction under the AMRUT mission, campaigns against single-use plastic, and the Namami Gange project to clean the Ganges River, underscore India’s multifaceted approach to environmental protection.
Furthermore, India’s focus on renewable energy, exemplified by the One Sun-One Grid initiative, increased production and blending of ethanol, and its ambitious ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ to combat climate change, has positioned it as one of the top five countries worldwide in terms of installed renewable energy capacity. With a commitment to achieving ‘Net Zero’ emissions by 2070, India is leading by example at a time when climate change poses global challenges. All these efforts are contributing positively towards biodiversity conservation.
India’s efforts towards environmental and bio-diversity conservation are remarkable and an inspiring model for harmonious coexistence between humanity and the environment. The upward trajectory of conservation efforts reinforces the importance of global collaboration and shared responsibilities in preserving our planet’s delicate balance of life. By celebrating these achievements and continuing to foster harmonious interactions with nature, India sets the stage for a future where thriving ecosystems are cherished, safeguarded, and passed down for generations to come.
Sankala Foundation’s role as an awareness hub promotes the understanding of biodiversity’s crucial roles through workshops and campaigns. We also explore how values, rights and norms evolved by local communities over the years can take centre stage in decisions and policy-making to drive the transformative changes we need. The Foundation publishes a magazine, BigCats in partnership with the International Big Cat Alliance to promote wildlife conservation. In these ways, we aim to play a pivotal role in preserving India’s unique biodiversity for the benefit of both ecosystems and generations to come.
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